Acute stress differentially influences risky decision-making processes by sex: A hierarchical bayesian analysis.

How does stress influence our decision-making? Although numerous studies have attempted to answer this question, their results have been inconsistent-presumably due to methodological heterogeneity. Drawing on cumulative prospect theory, we examined how acute stress influenced risky decision-making. To this end, we randomly assigned 147 participants to an acute stress induction or control condition and subsequently assessed participants' risky decision-making. We found that stress increased risky decision-making overall, but more importantly, that stress exerted multiple effects on risky decision-making processes that differed between male and female participants. For female participants, relative to the control condition, stress produced a pattern of decision-making characterized by risk seeking with respect to gains, slightly reduced loss aversion, accurate outcome probability assessment, and greater choice stochasticity. For male participants, stress, relative to the control condition, produced to a pattern of decision-making characterized by very low loss aversion and poorer outcome probability assessment. These results suggest that some of the heterogeneity in existing literature may be explainable by task differences in risk type, risk amount, and outcome certainties, and further that these effects will differ by sex. In short, stress changes how we make decisions, and it does so differently by sex.