Cooperative multi-task learning and interpretable image biomarkers for glioma grading and molecular subtyping.

Deep learning methods have been widely used for various glioma predictions. However, they are usually task-specific, segmentation-dependent and lack of interpretable biomarkers. How to accurately predict the glioma histological grade and molecular subtypes at the same time and provide reliable imaging biomarkers is still challenging. To achieve this, we propose a novel cooperative multi-task learning network (CMTLNet) which consists of a task-common feature extraction (CFE) module, a task-specific unique feature extraction (UFE) module and a unique-common feature collaborative classification (UCFC) module. In CFE, a segmentation-free tumor feature perception (SFTFP) module is first designed to extract the tumor-aware features in a classification manner rather than a segmentation manner. Following that, based on the multi-scale tumor-aware features extracted by SFTFP module, CFE uses convolutional layers to further refine these features, from which the task-common features are learned. In UFE, based on orthogonal projection and conditional classification strategies, the task-specific unique features are extracted. In UCFC, the unique and common features are fused with an attention mechanism to make them adaptive to different glioma prediction tasks. Finally, deep features-guided interpretable radiomic biomarkers for each glioma prediction task are explored by combining SHAP values and correlation analysis. Through the comparisons with recent reported methods on a large multi-center dataset comprising over 1800 cases, we demonstrated the superiority of the proposed CMTLNet, with the mean Matthews correlation coefficient in validation and test sets improved by (4.1%, 10.7%), (3.6%, 23.4%), and (2.7%, 22.7%) respectively for glioma grading, 1p/19q and IDH status prediction tasks. In addition, we found that some radiomic features are highly related to uninterpretable deep features and that their variation trends are consistent in multi-center datasets, which can be taken as reliable imaging biomarkers for glioma diagnosis. The proposed CMTLNet provides an interpretable tool for glioma multi-task prediction, which is beneficial for glioma precise diagnosis and personalized treatment.