The Role of Lifestyle and Environmental Factors in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Myeloma.

Objectives: The study evaluated the impact of lifestyle and environmental exposure on the etiology of multiple myeloma (MM).

Methods: A multicenter case-control study was conducted in 20 hematology centers and in 5 outpatient clinics in Poland. The questionnaire on exposure to potential risk factors including sociodemographic data, lifestyle, and environmental factors was completed.

Results: A total of 274 patients with newly diagnosed MM and 208 patients from primary healthcare centers in the control group were enrolled in the study. Regarding lifestyle, sports practiced systematically for at least half a year play a protective role in the development of myeloma (OR = 0.40, 95% CI, 0.28-0.58, p < 0.001). Among environmental factors harmful exposures that increase the likelihood of the development of MM include pesticides (OR = 3.29, p < 0.001), asphalt (OR = 2.42, p = 0.026), coal dust (OR = 2.27, p = 0.004), organic vapors (OR = 2.11, p = 0.001), metal dust (OR = 2.07, p = 0.023), exhaust fumes (OR = 2.03, p < 0.01), and chemicals (OR = 1.80, p < 0.01).

Conclusions: The pathogenesis of MM is complex with the impact of modifiable factors. Lifestyle, with physical activity, seems to play a key role.