Diversity and Distribution of Intertidal Species Across Protection Zones in a Mediterranean Marine Protected Area.

This study investigates the diversity and distribution of intertidal () species across different protection zones within the "Capo Gallo-Isola delle Femmine" Marine Protected Area (MPA) in the central Mediterranean Sea. Five species ( and ) were observed on the intertidal rocky shores, with varied abundances across the MPA's protection zones. was the only species found in all zones, with a much higher cover percentage in the most protected area (zone A). However, its morpho-functional traits showed an inverse trend, with the largest thalli found in the moderately protected zone B and C. The remaining species were only found in zones B and C probably due to their wider area and greater habitat diversity compared to zone A. The presence of two non-indigenous species, and , was observed exclusively in the less protected zones B and C. Our findings highlight the complex interactions between MPA protection levels and species conservation, with protection having, in some respects, a positive influence on selected species, indicating the importance of careful consideration in MPA design and management. Furthermore, this study provides a baseline for future monitoring of populations in light of ongoing environmental changes in the Mediterranean Sea.