Beyond the desert sands: decoding the relationship between camels, gut microbiota, and antibiotic resistance through metagenomics.

Background: Camels, known as the enduring "ships of the desert," host a complex gut microbiota that plays a crucial role in their survival in extreme environments. However, amidst the fascinating discoveries about the camel gut microbiota, concerns about antibiotic resistance have emerged as a significant global challenge affecting both human and animal populations. Indeed, the continued use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine has led to the widespread emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which has worsened through gene transfer.

Methods: This study offers a deeper examination of this pressing issue by harnessing the potent tools of metagenomics to explore the intricate interplay between the camel () gut microbiota and antibiotic resistance.

Results: Samples from wild camels yielded varying amounts of raw and clean data, generating scaftigs and open reading frames. The camel fecal microbiome was dominated by bacteria (mainly and ), followed by viruses, archaea, and eukaryota. The most abundant genera were the , , and . Functional annotation revealed enriched pathways in metabolism, genetic information processing, and cellular processes, with key pathways involving carbohydrate transport and metabolism, replication, and amino acid transport. CAZy database analysis showed high abundances of glycoside hydrolases and glycosyl transferases. Antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) analysis identified and as the main reservoirs, with vancomycin resistance genes being the most prevalent. This study identified three major resistance mechanisms: antibiotic target alteration, antibiotic target protection, and antibiotic efflux.

Conclusion: These findings contribute to a broader understanding of antibiotic resistance within animal microbiomes and provide a foundation for further investigations of strategies to manage and mitigate antibiotic resistance.