Innate versus adoptive competence: the controlled distribution of signalling receptors extends the concept of competence.

Cellular communication through the dissemination of signal molecules is vital for tissue organisation and homeostasis. The mechanisms of signal spreading can include binding-protein-assisted transport, long membrane protrusions known as cytonemes, and exovesicles. Recent research indicates that cytonemes and exovesicles can not only transport ligands but also facilitate the regulated distribution of receptors, thereby enabling signal transduction in cells lacking endogenous receptors. This mechanism allows non-responsive cells to temporarily acquire the ability to respond to specific ligands. This review explores our understanding of ligand and receptor dispersal, offering fresh insights into the fundamental concept of cellular competence. Notably, these findings may have significant implications for diseases and their associated therapeutic targets, highlighting the urgency and importance of this research area.