Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) pose a significant health concern among the elderly population, influenced by age-related physiological changes and the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the biomechanical dimensions of TBIs in this demographic is vital for developing effective preventive strategies and optimizing clinical management. This comprehensive review explores the intricate biomechanics of TBIs in the elderly, integrating medical and aging studies, experimental biomechanics of head tissues, and numerical simulations. Research reveals that brain atrophy in normal aging occurs globally at annual rates of -0.2% to -0.5%, with distinct regional variations, while neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and multiple sclerosis exhibit higher rates. These differences underscore the importance of considering varying brain atrophy rates in the context of TBIs among the elderly. Experimental studies demonstrate age-related changes in the mechanical properties of critical head tissues, increasing vulnerability to head injuries. Numerical simulations provide insights into the biomechanical response of the aging brain to traumatic events, aiding in injury prediction and preventive strategy development tailored to the elderly. Integrating biomechanical principles into clinical practice shows promise for optimizing preventive healthcare and improving outcomes for elderly individuals affected by TBIs and neurodegenerative conditions. Future studies should refine biomechanical models and simulations to better represent aging complexities, conduct longitudinal studies on biomechanical changes in elderly populations, and leverage imaging and computational advancements for more accurate head injury assessments.
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