Microglia morphology in the developing primate amygdala and effects of early life stress.

A unique pool of immature glutamatergic neurons in the primate amygdala, known as the paralaminar nucleus (PL), are maturing between infancy and adolescence. The PL is a potential substrate for the steep growth curve of amygdala volume during this developmental period. A microglial component is also embedded among the PL neurons, and likely supports local neuronal maturation and emerging synaptogenesis. Microglia may alter neuronal growth following environmental perturbations such as stress. Using multiple measures in Rhesus Macaques, we found that microglia in the infant primate PL had relatively large somas, and a small arbor size. In contrast, microglia in the adolescent PL had a smaller soma, and a larger dendritic arbor. We then examined microglial morphology in the PL after a novel maternal separation protocol, to examine the effects of early life stress. After maternal separation, the microglia had increased soma size, arbor size and complexity. Surprisingly, strong effects were seen not only in the infant PL, but also in the adolescent PL from subjects who had experienced the separation many years earlier. We conclude that under normal maternal-rearing conditions, PL microglia morphology tracks PL neuronal growth, progressing to a more 'mature' phenotype by adolescence. Maternal separation has long-lasting effects on microglia, altering their normal developmental trajectory, and resulting in a 'hyper-ramified' phenotype that persists for years. We speculate that these changes have consequences for neuronal development in young primates. The paralaminar (PL) nucleus of the amygdala is an important source of plasticity, due to its unique repository of immature glutamatergic neurons. In Rhesus macaques, similar to human, PL immature neurons mature between birth and adolescence. This maturation process is likely supported by synaptogenesis, which requires microglia. Between infancy and adolescence in macaques, PL microglia became denser, and shifted to a 'ramified' phenotype, consistent with increased synaptic pruning functions. Early life stress in the form of maternal separation, however, blunted this normal trajectory, leading to a persistent 'hyper-ramified' microglial phenotype. We speculate that microglia hyper-ramification aligns with 'para-inflammatory' concepts of stress and may alter PL neuronal maturation and synapse formation in young animals.