Cancer neuroscience and glioma: clinical implications.

In recent years, it has been increasingly recognized that tumor growth relies not only on support from the surrounding microenvironment but also on the tumors capacity to adapt to - and actively manipulate - its niche. While targeting angiogenesis and modulating the local immune environment have been explored as therapeutic approaches, these strategies have yet to yield effective treatments for brain tumors and remain under refinement. More recently, the nervous system itself has been explored as a critical environmental support for cancer, with extensive neuro-tumoral interactions observed both intracranially and in extracranial sites containing neural components. In the brain, interactions between glioma cells as well as metastatic lesions with neural components have clinical implications for diagnostics, risk assessments, neurological sequelae, and the development of innovative therapeutics. Here, we review these neuro-tumoral dynamics, emphasizing aspects relevant to neurosurgical practice.