Rational molecular design afforded fluorescent Cd sensors based on bisquinoline derivatives. Introduction of three methoxy groups at the 5,6,7-positions of the quinoline rings of BQDMEN (,'-bis(2-quinolylmethyl)-,'-dimethylethylenediamine) resulted in the reversal of metal ion selectivity in fluorescence enhancement from zinc to cadmium. Introduction of bulky alkyl groups and an ,-bis(2-quinolylmethyl)amine structure, as well as replacement of one of the two tertiary amine binding sites with an oxygen atom and the use of a 1,2-phenylene backbone significantly improved the Cd specificity. The fluorescent cadmium ion selectivity could be explained by the differential binding with Cd and Zn, and the formation of a bis(μ-chloro) dinuclear cadmium complex in contrast to the mononuclear zinc complex.
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