D1-104/3 and C31-106/3 differentially modulate the antioxidative response of duckweed ( L.) to salt stress.

Introduction: The common duckweed () is a model organism for investigation of plant physiology, especially stress-related responses. Its two physiological characteristics are of special interest: (1) salt-stressed duckweeds may accumulate starch, a precursor for biofuel; (2) duckweeds are associated with various beneficial (plant-growth promoting, PGP) bacterial strains. In this paper, we analyzed the role of two bacterial strains: D1-104/3 and C31-106/3 in regulation of duckweed's growth and antioxidative responses to salt (10 and 100 mM NaCl) and hypothesized that they alleviate salt-induced oxidative stress.

Methods: Fresh and dry weight, frond number, photosynthetic pigments, malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (HO), ascorbic acid (AsA), proline, total polyphenol (TPC) and starch content, as well as antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymatic activity were measured after 14 days. Fluorescence microscopy was used to visualize bacterial presence on duckweeds.

Results: Fluorescence microscope revealed that bacteria colonized all duckweed surfaces. The doubling time of duckweeds inoculated with C31-106/3 was significantly longer. Additionally, at 0 and 10 mM NaCl, this strain decreased chlorosis in duckweeds. Moreover, C31-106/3 increased dry-to-fresh-weight ratio, proline, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid content at 100 mM, as well as AsA content in plants in NaCl-free medium, while D1-104/3 increased AsA at 100 mM NaCl. Both bacterial strains decreased lipid peroxidation, while C31-106/3 increased and D1-104/3 decreased HO content at 100 mM and 0 mM NaCl, respectively. Bacteria significantly increased TPC and antioxidant capacity at 100 mM NaCl, particularly D1-104/3. After 14 days, the SOD and POX activities were at the same level in all samples. At 100 mM NaCl, CAT activity was increased in all plants.

Discussion: The results of this study show that two strains had markedly different effects on duckweed: while D1-104/3 supported growth, C31-106/3 prioritized salt stress tolerance in duckweeds.