Construction and evolution of artificial reef ecosystems: response and regulation of marine microorganisms.

Artificial reefs (ARs) are an important means of improving marine ecological environments and promoting the sustainable use of marine biological resources. After AR deployment, biological communities undergo dynamic changes as species succession and shifts in community structure. As the most sensitive frontier affected by the environment, the complex and dynamic changes of microbial communities play a crucial role in the health and stability of the ecosystem. This article reviews how AR construction affects the composition and function of marine microorganisms, their contributions to ecosystem stability, and the interaction mechanisms between microbial and macroecological systems. We focus on the responses and regulatory roles of microorganisms in AR ecosystems, including changes in microbial abundance, diversity, and distribution in the environment and on reef surfaces. Additionally, we examine their roles in nutrient cycling, the carbon sequestration, and their interactions with higher trophic organisms. We identify critical knowledge gaps and research deficiencies regarding microbial community risks that need to be addressed, which provide a framework for studying the complex relationships among marine environments, microbial communities and macrobiotic communities in the process of marine ranching construction.