Correct host cell recognition is important in the replication cycle for any virus, including bacterial viruses. This essential step should occur before the bacteriophage commits to transferring its genomic material into the target bacterium. In this chapter, we will discuss the mechanisms and proteins bacteriophages use for receptor recognition (just before full commitment to infection) and nucleic acid injection, which occurs just after commitment. Some bacteriophages use proteins of the capsid proper for host cell recognition, others use specialised spikes or fibres. Usually, several identical recognition events take place, and the information that a suitable host cell has been encountered is somehow transferred to the part of the bacteriophage capsid involved in nucleic acid transfer. The main part of the capsids of bacteriophages stays on the cell surface after transferring their genome, although a few specialised proteins move with the DNA, either forming a conduit, protecting the nucleic acids after transfer and/or functioning in the process of transcription and translation.
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