AI Article Synopsis
- India has a high rate of gallstone incidence, which can lead to chronic inflammation and increase cancer risks; this study investigated gallstone age and composition using advanced dating and analysis methods.
- Three cholesterol gallstones with different histopathologies were analyzed, revealing that the stone with dysplasia formed over six years, while the others took longer; all stones were primarily cholesterol-based, with additional compounds found in the dysplastic stone.
- The study highlighted the potential of combining radiocarbon dating and microbial analysis in understanding gallstone development, suggesting a link between specific bacterial abundance and gallstone pathology, particularly in dysplastic cases.
Article Abstract
Background: India has a high incidence of gallstones, which can cause chronic inflammation and increase the risk of gallbladder cancer. Understanding the age and composition of gallstones can provide insights into their formation and growth. This study used radiocarbon dating (¹⁴C dating), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and metagenome analysis to explore the natural history, deposition rate, and microbial/chemical composition of gallstones.
Methods: In this pilot study, 3 cholesterol gallstones were chosen with different tissue histopathologies (normal, metaplasia, and dysplasia), and respective layers were analyzed for C bomb-pulse dating and FTIR for age and chemical composition, respectively. The core of each gallstone was subjected to scanning electron microscopy and further to 16S rRNA sequencing for microbial analysis.
Results: The C data indicated that the largest stone with dysplastic epithelium formed over 6 years, whereas stones with metaplasia and normal pathology took 13 and 12 years to develop, respectively. Furthermore, the largest stone was dormant for 6 years before the individual experienced acute pain, whereas the other 2 stones laid dormant for 7 and 18 years. FTIR analysis revealed that all 3 gallstones were primarily composed of cholesterol. In addition, calcium oxalate, calcium carbonate, and calcium bilirubinate were present in stones with underlying dysplasia. The 16S rRNA analysis revealed an increased abundance of Corynebacterium sp. in stones associated with metaplasia and dysplasia. Moreover, pathogenic Klebsiella and Escherichia coli species were abundant in calcium oxalate-rich gallstones with underlying dysplasia.
Conclusion: Overall, the pilot study established the feasibility of C bomb pulse for evaluating the timeline of gallstone formation. In addition, C dating combined with FTIR/metagenome analysis helped in understanding the natural history of gallstone-associated disease.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gassur.2024.101937 | DOI Listing |
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