An Atlas of Anatomical Variants of the Human Talus.

Anatomical variants can be used effectively to identify relationships between individuals in kinship analysis and they may be useful during surgical procedures. These procedures can be better implemented when the cause, appearance and location are understood. Clear representations and definitions of anatomical traits are necessary. A similar morphology of pathologies and variations of normal morphology can lead to confusion and unnecessary intervention. Therefore, there is a considerable need for an anatomical atlas of the particular skeletal elements, such as the talus bone. We have analyzed a total of 925 tali, 591 belonging to different modern and pre-Hispanic samples. Furthermore, 334 tali were analyzed from a reference collection from Athens. We have identified and defined the anatomical variants of the talus bone, of which only some have been mentioned by other researchers. We propose standardized methods that may potentially improve future research in human skeleton anatomy and its applications. We provide information on anatomical variants with the aim of improving their identification, classification and use in medical professions and bioanthropology.