Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are very common in exotic animals, such as reptiles, birds, mammals, and can be extremely painful. This review aims to provide the reader with a better understanding of the different pain mechanisms and manifestations across orders and species in order to provide the most updated information on pain recognition and management for GI conditions in exotic animals.
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Molecular Evolution of the H5 and H7 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Haemagglutinin Cleavage Site Motif.
Rev Med Virol
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United States Department of Agriculture, Exotic & Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, USA.
Avian influenza viruses are ubiquitous in the Anatinae subfamily of aquatic birds and occasionally spill over to poultry. Infection with low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses generally leads to subclinical or mild clinical disease. In contrast, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses emerge from low pathogenic forms and can cause severe disease associated with extraordinarily high mortality rates.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPain Management for Gastrointestinal Conditions in Exotic Animals.
Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract
December 2024
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB3 0ES, Cambridge, UK.
Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are very common in exotic animals, such as reptiles, birds, mammals, and can be extremely painful. This review aims to provide the reader with a better understanding of the different pain mechanisms and manifestations across orders and species in order to provide the most updated information on pain recognition and management for GI conditions in exotic animals.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFZoonotic Gastroenteric Diseases of Exotic Animals.
Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract
December 2024
Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA. Electronic address:
Exotic pet ownership has steadily increased over the last decade, and with increased numbers of these species in close contact with humans, the risk of gastrointestinal zoonoses has also increased. Non-typhoidal serovars of Salmonella enterica are one of the most prevalent and important zoonoses of exotic pets, and reptile and backyard poultry are common asymptomatic carriers of these bacteria. Outbreaks of reptile-associated salmonellosis have occurred yearly in the United States since 2019 but contact with backyard poultry has actually been associated with more Salmonella outbreaks in the United States than any other animal species to date.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTreatment of Gastrointestinal Infectious Diseases in Exotic Animals.
Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract
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Zoological Medicine Service, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, 2065 W. Farm Road, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA. Electronic address:
Antimicrobials should be used judiciously when managing gastrointestinal disorders in exotic animals. Oral administration of antibiotics targeting gram-positive flora must be avoided in hindgut fermenters. Immunosuppressives may be indicated for certain infectious diseases, such as chronic enteric coronavirus in ferrets and avian ganglioneuritis in parrots.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFish Gastroenterology.
Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract
December 2024
Zoological Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St Hyacinthe, Canada. Electronic address:
Fish represent the most common companion exotic animal in the United States and Canada in number of individuals and hold the third place after dogs and cats in terms of the number of households. Beyond companion animals, fish gastrointestinal diseases are particularly relevant for the aquaculture industry as feeding represents about 50% to 70% of the costs associated with fish production. Thus, nutrient malabsorption may have dramatic consequences both for the fish health and body condition score, but also for farmers.
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