A complex acoustical environment during development enhances auditory perception and coding efficiency in the zebra finch.

Sensory experience during development has lasting effects on perception and neural processing. Exposing juvenile animals to artificial stimuli influences the tuning and functional organization of the auditory cortex, but less is known about how the rich acoustical environments experienced by vocal communicators affect the processing of complex vocalizations. Here, we show that in zebra finches (), a colonial-breeding songbird species, exposure to a naturalistic social-acoustical environment during development has a profound impact on auditory perceptual behavior and on cortical-level auditory responses to conspecific song. Compared to birds raised by pairs in acoustic isolation, male and female birds raised in a breeding colony were better in an operant discrimination task at recognizing conspecific songs with and without masking colony noise. Neurons in colony-reared birds had higher average firing rates, selectivity, and discriminability, especially in the narrow-spiking, putatively inhibitory neurons of a higher-order auditory area, the caudomedial nidopallium (NCM). Neurons in colony-reared birds were also less correlated in their tuning and more efficient at encoding the spectrotemporal structure of conspecific song, and better at filtering out masking noise. These results suggest that the auditory cortex adapts to noisy, complex acoustical environments by strengthening inhibitory circuitry, functionally decoupling excitatory neurons while maintaining overall excitatory-inhibitory balance. The statistics of the sensory inputs animals experience during postnatal development shape cortical circuits and their functional properties, but most studies examining experience-dependent plasticity in the auditory system has employed artificial stimuli with limited relevance to acoustic communication. Here, we examined how the natural social-acoustical environment experienced by zebra finches, a social songbird that breeds in large colonies, influences the development of auditory perception and the underlying auditory cortical circuits. Compared to birds raised in a more impoverished environment, colony-reared birds were better at recognizing songs of other zebra finches and had higher firing rates in the avian homolog to auditory cortex, along with changes to functional connectivity that resulted in more efficient and robust coding of conspecific song.