Treatment and Survival Disparities in Asian Americans With Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Need to Disaggregate a Diverse Cohort.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death in the United States and globally. The Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AANHPI) population has often been studied as one homogenous cohort despite its heterogeneity. We aim to understand differences in treatment modality and mortality among AANHPI patients with early-stage HCC.

Methods: The National Cancer Database was queried between 2004 and 2019. Patients with early-stage HCC eligible for liver transplantation (LT) were included. AANHPI patients were further disaggregated into subgroups, and non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients were included as reference. χ2 was used for categorical variables and the Student t test was used for continuous variables. Survival curves were generated using Kaplan-Meier estimates.

Results: A total of 3039 (8.5%) AANHPI and 32,845 (91.5%) NHW were included. Among the AANHPI, 1368 (45.0%) were East Asian (EA), 1229 (40.4%) were Southeast Asian (SEA), 302 (9.9%) were South Asian (SA), and 140 (4.6%) were Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander (NHPI). Compared with NHW, AANHPI patients were less likely to undergo LT but had lower mortality. When disaggregated, SA patients were more likely to receive LT (HR: 2.70), and SEA (HR: 1.43) and NHPI (HR: 1.90) patients had higher mortality when compared with EA, all P<0.01.

Conclusions: AANHPI with early-stage HCC had better survival as a cohort. However, when disaggregated, there were notable disparities among different subgroups. AANHPI represents an incredibly diverse group of individuals, and it is imperative for physicians, researchers, and policy makers to appreciate the true heterogeneity of this population.