A minority of Th1 and Tfh effector cells express survival genes shared by memory cell progeny that require IL-7 or TCR signaling to persist.

It is not clear how CD4 memory T cells are formed from a much larger pool of earlier effector cells. We found that transient systemic bacterial infection rapidly generates several antigen-specific T helper (Th)1 and T follicular helper (Tfh) cell populations with different tissue residence behaviors. Although most cells of all varieties had transcriptomes indicative of cell stress and death at the peak of the response, some had already acquired a memory cell signature characterized by expression of genes involved in cell survival. Each Th1 and Tfh cell type was maintained long term by interleukin (IL)-7, except germinal center Tfh cells, which depended on a T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signal. The results indicate that acute infection induces rapid differentiation of Th1 and Tfh cells, a minority of which quickly adopt the gene expression profile of memory cells and survive by signals from the IL-7 receptor or TCR.