Crab urine as biomonitoring tools for pollution: A state-of-the-art review of methods, organic contaminant levels, and comparisons between spilled and unspilled areas.

This study constitutes a systematic review endeavoring to elucidate the methodologies pertinent to the extraction and analysis of organic contaminants, specifically focusing on crab urine. Although research is limited, crabs serve as invaluable bioindicators and biomonitors due to their unique habitat in sediment-rich areas where aquatic contaminants commonly accumulate. Despite the well-documented harmful effects of substances like PCBs, OCPs, PBDEs, and pesticides on the nervous and endocrine systems, our review found that existing studies have predominantly focused on PAHs such as pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, and naphthalene oi spilled and unspilled areas. One reason for this research gap is the misconception that collecting crab urine is challenging, a notion perpetuated by the lack of detailed methodologies in the literature. The research gap hinders comparing contamination levels and trends. Limited, infrequent studies highlight the urgent need for comprehensive investigations to enhance understanding of ecological impacts and improve environmental monitoring.