Understanding the intersection of prenatal alcohol exposure and postnatal adversity: A systematic review from a developmental psychopathology lens.

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are among the most common neurodevelopmental disabilities. Individuals with FASD experience postnatal adversity (PA; i.e., child maltreatment or other potentially traumatic events) at exceedingly high rates. This adversity is connected to increased internalizing and externalizing symptomatology. The current systematic review aimed to synthesize the literature regarding the intersectionality of FASD/prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and postnatal adversity utilizing the developmental psychopathology (DP) framework. Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards, systematic identification of studies through PsycInfo, PubMed, and Web of Science was conducted. Primary data on PAE, postnatal adversity, individual functioning (biological, cognitive, and affective), external systems, and familial and cultural contexts were extracted. Furthermore, quality assessment information was extracted for all studies. Thirty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, individuals with FASD experience a weighted mean of 4.44 adverse childhood experiences. Multifinality in developmental outcomes was evident, as FASD and postnatal exposure impact mental health, cognitive ability, and biological processes. Cultural context and familial settings contribute to risk and resilience factors. The quality assessment points to unique strengths and areas for improvement within the literature. Aligning with the DP framework, the intersection of FASD and postnatal adversity is complex and impacts various developmental processes. Systems and cultural context add to this complexity. Intervention development taking into consideration these multiple factors is necessary.