Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 994
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3134
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Unlabelled: SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) non-structural protein 14 (Nsp14) possesses an N-terminal exonuclease (ExoN) domain that provides a proofreading function for the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and a C-terminal N7-methyltransferase (N7-MTase) domain that methylates viral mRNA caps. Nsp14 also modulates host functions. This includes the activation of NF-κB and downregulation of interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 (IFNAR1). Here we demonstrate that Nsp14 exerts broader effects, activating not only NF-κB responses but also ERK, p38 and JNK MAP kinase (MAPK) signaling, promoting cytokine production. Further, Nsp14 downregulates not only IFNAR1 but also IFN-γ receptor 1 (IFNGR1), impairing cellular responses to both IFNα and IFNγ. IFNAR1 and IFNGR1 downregulation is via a lysosomal pathway and also occurs in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. Analysis of a panel of Nsp14 mutants reveals a consistent pattern. Mutants that disable ExoN function remain active, whereas N7-MTase mutations impair both pro-inflammatory pathway activation and IFN receptor downregulation. Innate immune modulating functions also require the presence of both the ExoN and N7-MTase domains likely reflecting the need for the ExoN domain for N7-MTase activity. We further identify multi-functional host protein Tollip as an Nsp14 interactor. Interaction requires the phosphoinositide-binding C2 domain of Tollip and sequences C-terminal to the C2 domain. Full length Tollip or regions encompassing the Nsp14 interaction domain are sufficient to counteract both Nsp14-mediated and Nsp14-independent activation of NF-κB. Knockdown of Tollip partially reverses IFNAR1 and IFNGR1 downregulation in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells, suggesting relevance of Nsp14-Tollip interaction for Nsp14 innate immune evasion functions.
Significance: SARS-CoV-2 protein Nsp14 both activates NF-κB, which promotes virus replication and inflammation, and downregulates IFNAR1, which can render infected cells resistant to the antiviral effects of IFN-α/β. Our study demonstrates that Nsp14 also activates MAPK signaling and downregulates IFNGR1, causing broader impacts than previously recognized. Data from a panel of Nsp14 mutants suggests a common underlying effect of Nsp14 may be responsible for its multiple innate immune activities. We further describe a novel interaction between Nsp14 and Tollip, a selective autophagy receptor. We show that Tollip expression downregulates Nsp14 activation of NF-κB and that Tollip knockdown reverses IFNAR1 and IFNGR1 downregulation in SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting that Tollip functions as a regulator of Nsp14 innate immune modulation.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11661139 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2024.12.12.628214 | DOI Listing |
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