A Review of Mathematical Modelling Methods for Bovine Hormone Dynamics.

This paper explores various approaches to modeling the bovine estrus cycle, focusing on improving estrus detection to enhance reproductive management in dairy cattle. The review examines a range of mathematical models, including hormonal models based on ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that simulate hormone dynamics, as well as follicular competition models that track the maturation of individual follicles. In addition to these, Precision Dairy Monitoring Technologies (PDMT) are discussed, which utilize real-time physiological and behavioral data to provide predictive insights into estrus. The paper assesses the effectiveness of both traditional modeling approaches and PDMT in improving breeding efficiency, minimizing labor, and optimising herd management practices.