High-quality genome of Firmiana hainanensis provides insights into the evolution of Malvaceae subfamilies and the mechanism of their wood density formation.

J Genet Genomics

Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Key Lab of Plant factory for Plant Factory Generation-Adding Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the Advanced Seed Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China. Electronic address:

Published: December 2024

AI Article Synopsis

  • The Malvaceae family, the largest in the order Malvales, has nine subfamilies, with many species in the Firmiana genus being globally vulnerable and lacking genomic research.
  • A chromosome-level genome assembly for Firmiana hainanensis reveals it has 40 chromosomes and is closely related to Durio zibethinus, diverging around 21 million years ago, with significant events in their evolutionary histories.
  • The study highlights how changes in chromosome numbers and genome sizes, particularly influenced by repetitive elements and specific gene contractions, can impact traits like wood density in Malvaceae species.

Article Abstract

The Malvaceae family, the most diverse family in the order Malvales, consists of nine subfamilies. Within the Firmiana genus of the Sterculioideae subfamily, most species are considered globally vulnerable, yet their genomes remain unexplored. Here, we present a chromosome-level genome assembly for a representative Firmiana species, F. hainanensis, 2n = 40, totaling 1536 Mb. Phylogenomic analysis shows that F. hainanensis and Durio zibethinus have the closest evolutionary relationship, with an estimated divergence time of approximately 21 MYA and distinct polyploidization events in their histories. Evolutionary trajectory analyses indicate that fissions and fusions may play a crucial role in chromosome number variation (2n = 14 to 2n = 96). Analysis of repetitive elements among Malvaceae reveals that the Tekay subfamily (belonging to the Gypsy group) contributes to variation in genome size (ranging from 324 Mb to 1620 Mb). Additionally, genes associated with P450, peroxidase, and microtubules, and thereby related to cell wall biosynthesis, are significantly contracted in F. hainanensis, potentially leading to its lower wood density relative to Hopea hainanensis. Overall, our study provides insights into the evolution of chromosome number, genome size, and the genetic basis of cell wall biosynthesis in Malvaceae species.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgg.2024.12.009DOI Listing

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High-quality genome of Firmiana hainanensis provides insights into the evolution of Malvaceae subfamilies and the mechanism of their wood density formation.

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Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Key Lab of Plant factory for Plant Factory Generation-Adding Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the Advanced Seed Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, Hainan 572025, China. Electronic address:

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  • The Malvaceae family, the largest in the order Malvales, has nine subfamilies, with many species in the Firmiana genus being globally vulnerable and lacking genomic research.
  • A chromosome-level genome assembly for Firmiana hainanensis reveals it has 40 chromosomes and is closely related to Durio zibethinus, diverging around 21 million years ago, with significant events in their evolutionary histories.
  • The study highlights how changes in chromosome numbers and genome sizes, particularly influenced by repetitive elements and specific gene contractions, can impact traits like wood density in Malvaceae species.
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