Homeotic transformation of tail to hindlimbs in anuran tadpoles is a manifestation of the reprogramming of positional information in the event of tail regeneration. Such discovery of homeosis is of particular interest considering its occurrence in a vertebrate under the influence of a morphogen which represents a self-organizing system in the context of developmental and regenerative studies. This article reviews homeotic transformation of tail to hindlimbs including pelvic girdles induced by retinoic acid (RA) /vitamin A palmitate during tail regeneration under the scope of self-organization and the role of blastema as an organizer. Next, we present a timeline of various findings in this context.
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Homeotic transformation of tail to limbs: A novel morphogenesis in the framework of self-organization and reprogramming of cell fate during appendage regeneration.
Cells Dev
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Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar 751004, Odisha, India. Electronic address:
Homeotic transformation of tail to hindlimbs in anuran tadpoles is a manifestation of the reprogramming of positional information in the event of tail regeneration. Such discovery of homeosis is of particular interest considering its occurrence in a vertebrate under the influence of a morphogen which represents a self-organizing system in the context of developmental and regenerative studies. This article reviews homeotic transformation of tail to hindlimbs including pelvic girdles induced by retinoic acid (RA) /vitamin A palmitate during tail regeneration under the scope of self-organization and the role of blastema as an organizer.
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Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC).
During embryogenesis, vertebral axial patterning is intricately regulated by multiple signaling networks. This study elucidates the role of protogenin (Prtg), an immunoglobulin superfamily member, in vertebral patterning control. Prtg knockout (Prtg) mice manifest anterior homeotic transformations in their vertebral columns and significant alterations in homeobox (Hox) gene expression.
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Vertebrate development and phylogeny are intimately connected through the vertebral formula, the numerical distribution of vertebrae along the body axis into different categories such as neck and chest. A key window into this relationship is through the conserved gene clusters. gene expression boundaries align with vertebral boundaries, and their manipulation in model organisms often results in the transformation of one vertebral type into its neighbor, a homeotic transformation.
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Mammals as a rule have seven cervical vertebrae, a number which remains remarkably conserved. Occasional deviations of this number are usually due to the presence of cervical ribs on the seventh vertebra, indicating a homeotic transformation from a cervical rib-less vertebra into a thoracic rib-bearing vertebra. These transformations are often associated with major congenital abnormalities or pediatric cancers (pleiotropic effects) that are, at least in humans, strongly selected against.
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The unitary mammary gland is a synapomorphy of therian mammals and is thought to have evolved from the pilosebaceous organ in the mammalian stem lineage from which the lactogenic patch of monotremes is also derived. One of the key lines of evidence for the homology of the nipple and the lactogenic patch is that marsupials have retained a transient hair associated with developing mammary glands. However, these structures have not been documented since the early 20th-century drawings of Ernst Bresslau.
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