Methane production related to microbiota in dairy cattle feces.

Methane (CH) emission from livestock feces, led by ruminants, shows a profound impact on global warming. Despite this, we have almost no information on the syntrophy of the intact microbiome metabolisms, from carbohydrates to the one-carbon units, covering multiple stages of ruminant development. In this study, syntrophic effects of polysaccharide degradation and acetate-producing bacteria, and methanogenic archaea were revealed through metagenome-assembled genomes from water saturated dairy cattle feces. Although CH is thought to be produced by archaea, more edges, nodes, and balanced interaction types revealed by network analysis provided a closed bacteria-archaea network. The CH production potential and pathways were further evaluated through dynamic, thermodynamic and C stable isotope analysis. The powerful CH production potential benefited from the metabolic flux: classical polysaccharides, soluble sugar (glucose, galactose, lactose), acetate, and CH produced via typical acetoclastic methanogenesis. In comparison, a cooperative model dominated by hydrogenotrophic methanogenic archaea presented a weak ability to generate CH. Our findings comprehensively link carbon and CH metabolism paradigm to specific microbial lineages which are shaped related to developmental stages of the dairy cattle, directing influencing global warming from livestock and waste treatment.