Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3098
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Attempt to read property "Count" on bool
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 3100
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3100
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Theobromine (or 3,7-dimethylxanthine) is a natural alkaloid present in cocoa plant and its derivatives, such as chocolate. About 20% of ingested theobromine is excreted unchanged in the urine. Theobromine also derived from caffeine that is metabolized into theobromine by 12%. The primary metabolites of theobromine are 3-methylxantine, 7-methylxantine, 7-methyluric acid and 3,7-dimethyluric acid. Theobromine has an inhibitory activity of uric acid crystallization, because it has a structural pattern very similar to uric acid and can substitute uric acid molecules in the corresponding uric acid crystals, making them longer and thinner and decreasing their growth rate. Theobromine also favors the dissolution of crystals by decreasing supersaturation of uric acid by forming aggregates with uric acid through hydrogen bonds and aromatic stacking interactions (-stacking bonds) increasing urinary solubility of uric acid. Theobromine can be used for uric acid stone dissolution in combination with alkalinization to reduce the dose of citrate, thus preventing excessive alkalinization and the risk of formation of sodium urate crystals. Theobromine could also be used to treat patient with xanthine stones that cannot be dissolved by alkalinization because the solubility of xanthine is relatively independent of urinary pH. A metabolite of theobromine, 7-methylxanthine, has the potential to be used for the prevention of the formation of sodium urate crystals in the synovial fluid of gouty patients.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
---|---|
http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2024.13277 | DOI Listing |
Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!