The Rise, Fall, and Readjustment of Telehealth: Effect of COVID-19 on its Use in an Academic Health Clinic.

Background: The COVID pandemic accelerated the adoption of telehealth. Long-term implications for continued telehealth use on a large scale in primary care are still emerging, and the key to this understanding is how telehealth adoption impacts the delivery of health care.

Objectives: Our objective was to quantify how telehealth adoption during the pandemic impacted patients' access to healthcare and the usage patterns of different access modalities (in-office, audio, and video).

Methods: This study analyzed two years of de-identified EHR data from the ambulatory clinics at a Midwest medical school from 2020 and 2021. We focused on patient demographics, primary diagnoses, and patient preferences for receiving healthcare throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.

Results: Of the 105,362 patient visits analyzed across in-office, audio, and video visits, demographic data varied by gender, age, and racial composition. During the early pandemic, telehealth usage peaked in April 2020, with audio and video visits accounting for 45.8% and 18.07% of the total visits, respectively. These rates declined to averages of 12.47% and 3.58%, respectively, over the following months. Primary diagnoses during telehealth visits are often related to COVID-19 exposure or mental health or behavioral issues. Lastly, statistically significant associations exist between the visit modality and primary diagnoses.

Discussion: The COVID-19 pandemic initially saw a surge in audio telehealth visits; however, as safety measures were established, the mix of visit modalities returned to pre-lockdown levels. Video and audio telehealth maintained increased usage relative to pre-pandemic levels, potentially owing to increased awareness of the technology as a means for accessing healthcare and a learning curve associated with adoption. Patients preferred remote care during high COVID transmission. Video telehealth has shown significant associations with psychiatric, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental diagnoses. Disparities in video telehealth use among racial groups have highlighted potential access issues.