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New particle formation (NPF) in the tropical upper troposphere is a globally important source of atmospheric aerosols. It is known to occur over the Amazon basin, but the nucleation mechanism and chemical precursors have yet to be identified. Here we present comprehensive in situ aircraft measurements showing that extremely low-volatile oxidation products of isoprene, particularly certain organonitrates, drive NPF in the Amazonian upper troposphere.
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State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China. Electronic address:
The causes of heterogeneity in evolutionary rates are a key question in macroevolution. Origination and extinction rates are closely related to abiotic factors, such as climate and geography, as well as biotic factors such as taxonomic richness and morphology, which are influenced by phylogeny. Studies on the relationship between morphology and macroevolution have focused on morphological traits, including body size, shape, color, and complexity, and have proposed biological laws, such as the zero-force evolutionary law and Cope's rule.
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College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
The recovery of long-term climate proxy records with seasonal resolution is rare because of natural smoothing processes, discontinuities and limitations in measurement resolution. Yet insolation forcing, a primary driver of multimillennial-scale climate change, acts through seasonal variations with direct impacts on seasonal climate. Whether the sensitivity of seasonal climate to insolation matches theoretical predictions has not been assessed over long timescales.
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The balance between photosynthetic organic carbon production and respiration controls atmospheric composition and climate. The majority of organic carbon is respired back to carbon dioxide in the biosphere, but a small fraction escapes remineralization and is preserved over geological timescales. By removing reduced carbon from Earth's surface, this sequestration process promotes atmospheric oxygen accumulation and carbon dioxide removal.
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Large mammals that live in arid and/or desert environments can cope with seasonal and local variations in rainfall, food and climate by moving long distances, often without reliable water or food en route. The capacity of an animal for this long-distance travel is substantially dependent on the rate of energy utilization and thus heat production during locomotion-the cost of transport. The terrestrial cost of transport is much higher than for flying (7.
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