Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and cytokine levels in hypothyroidism: a series of meta-analyses.

Background: Hypothyroidism (HT) is associated with different comorbidities comprising increased arterial stiffness and decreased flow-mediated dilatation. The exact pathological mechanism of endothelial activation and dysfunction (ED) in HT remains unknown. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses to provide an overview of the pathogenesis of ED in HT.

Methods: The literature search was done in February 2024 for studies analyzing traditional and novel circulating biomarkers of ED in patients with HT, including cytokines and chemokines. Random-effect models were used except when no heterogeneity was found. Protocol was registered under the number PROSPERO CRD42024540560.

Results: 25 macromolecules and 66 studies were entered into analyses. HT was associated with increased levels of E-selectin, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, osteoprotegerin, and oxidized-LDL ( < 0.02). Results were not conclusive for endothelin-1. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12 and CXCL10 were higher in HT ( < 0.05). Subjects with overt HT may display a proinflammatory tendency with increased levels of IL-6 and interferon-γ, and decreased levels of TGF-β ( < 0.05).

Conclusions: The data presented and discussed here highlights the association between HT and soluble biomarkers of ED. Inflammatory mediators released by activated T-cells and macrophages may aggravate local and systemic inflammation, which arouses more inflammation, forming a vicious circle leading to ED.