Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3098
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Attempt to read property "Count" on bool
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 3100
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3100
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
In vitro three-dimensional organoid models simulate key aspects of the structure and function of in vivo organs and have been used to study physiology, host-pathogen interactions, pathogenesis and pharmacodynamics. Although most organoid studies have been developed using human or mouse tissues, recent advancements have enabled the establishment of intestinal and respiratory tract organoids from domestic animal samples. Mycoplasma bovis causes chronic respiratory tract infections in cattle with significant health and economic consequences. The pathogenesis and virulence factors of M. bovis have been studied in several in vitro infection models, but the use of organoids has not been examined previously. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of using a matrix-embedded bovine tracheal organoid system to study respiratory infections with M. bovis. Bovine tracheal organoids were inoculated with M. bovis strain MbovMil and incubated for 72 hours to investigate the ability of M. bovis to proliferate, attach and invade the organoids. M. bovis was able to infect the organoids, resulting in a mean 260-fold increase in the titre of viable M. bovis by 72 hours post-inoculation. Examination of the infected organoids using transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of mycoplasmas within the organoid cells and membrane bound clusters of M. bovis inside the intercellular junctions. Our findings indicate that bovine tracheal organoids can be used as a model system for studying respiratory tract infections caused by M. bovis.
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Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110340 | DOI Listing |
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