Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@pubfacts.com&api_key=b8daa3ad693db53b1410957c26c9a51b4908&a=1): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 176
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 176
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 250
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3122
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 575
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 489
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are amongst the most common causes of orofacial pain. Hyperactivity of the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) is associated with the pathological mechanisms associated with TMD. Botulinum Toxin-A (BTX) injections into the LPM can be used as a treatment for TMD; however, a lack of clinical standardisation for this procedure can lead to adverse outcomes, especially when using anatomical landmark-based approaches.
Materials And Methods: To better understand the precision of extraoral landmark-based LPM BTX injections, a maxillofacial surgeon injected 1.5 mL of 0.25% methylene blue dye into the LPM of five cadavers. Needle location, dye spread, and disrupted structures were then examined through cadaveric dissection.
Results: Landmark-based LPM BTX approaches resulted in poor outcomes in accuracy (0%) and a 40% incidence of neurovascular disruption, including the facial plexus, superficial temporal artery and superficial temporal vein.
Conclusions: Randomised controlled trials have highlighted the risks associated with extraoral botulinum toxin injections for TMD symptomatic relief. This report demonstrates the low accuracy rate and high neurovascular risk accompanying blind LPM injections and highlights the necessity of safe treatment protocols in TMD, in particular guided image-based diagnostics and procedures.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
---|---|
http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/fm.102905 | DOI Listing |
Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!