Overcoming the effects of increasing antimicrobial resistance on therapy.

Introduction: Resistance to the antibiotics used to treat () has risen to alarming levels worldwide emphasizing the need to reconsider the approach to therapy generally and to reconsider whether to continue use of many previously highly effective treatment regimens.

Areas Covered: This review covers current aspects management of the response to the effects of antimicrobial resistance on H. pylori therapy.

Expert Opinion: The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance to H. pylori is increasing and must now be integrated into management of the infection. Bacterial factors responsible for resistance include mutations, efflux pumps, and biofilm formation. Societal factors include overuse and misuse of antibiotics, including in the therapy of H. pylori infections. H. pylori infections should be managed as an infectious disease based on the principles of antimicrobial stewardship which should be incorporated into ongoing community-based and hospital programs of antibiotic stewardship to provide up-to-date advice regarding susceptibility and locally optimized best treatment practices (i.e. advice on which drugs, doses, formulation, frequency of administration, etc. The infection would best be managed in concert with infectious disease especially in asymptomatic patients. Gastroenterology's input remains critical for management of complications of the infection such as peptic ulcer disease.