Occupational health in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC): A systematic review and call for comprehensive policy development.

Background: This systematic review evaluates occupational health within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, focusing on ergonomic, physical, chemical, and biological hazards. It identifies significant impacts of these hazards across various professions and underscores the highlights for region-specific strategies and further research.

Methods: A comprehensive search in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases until October 2023 targeted occupational health studies in the GCC, adhering to PRISMA guidelines and NIH Quality Assessment Tools. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023465909).

Results: From 2202 articles screened, 202 were included, with publications distributed as follows: Saudi Arabia (121), United Arab Emirates (26), Kuwait (20), Oman (15), Qatar (13), and Bahrain (7). Findings indicate that ergonomic hazards, characterized by musculoskeletal disorders, are influenced by job roles and work environments. Physical hazards, particularly needlestick injuries, eye safety concerns, and risks from extreme temperatures and radiation, were notable across the region. Chemical hazards, including exposure to pesticides, cement, and petrochemicals, were identified as significant health risks, necessitating better safety measures. Biological hazards, evidenced in studies from Oman, UAE, and Saudi Arabia, highlighted the risks from infectious agents and parasites, stressing the need for effective prevention and hygiene practices.

Conclusion: The review advocates for the urgent development of comprehensive health policies to mitigate occupational hazards in the GCC. It highlights the need for collaborative efforts to address ergonomic challenges, enhance protective measures, and respond to chemical and biological risks effectively. Region-specific strategies, ongoing research, and technological advancements are crucial for ensuring workforce safety in these evolving environments.