Dynamic trends in land surface temperature and land use/land cover transitions in semi-arid metropolitan city, Jaipur.

The increasing surface heat in metropolitan areas is one of the biggest issues, especially as natural surfaces are being replaced by impermeable concrete surfaces. This study uses Landsat data (1991-2022) to examine the spatio-temporal dynamics of LST and LULC in Jaipur, highlighting the impact of urban expansion and the city's semi-arid nature on the thermal landscape. We have used the maximum likelihood classifier for supervised LULC classification and the mono-window algorithm for retrieving LST. The evaluation is done using buffer analysis. Furthermore, to assess the interrelationship between LST and LULC indices (NDVI & NDBI), regression analysis is used. The CA-ANN model is employed to project LSTs of 2032 and 2042. The findings indicate that the built-up land in the study area grew by 52.80% from 1991-2022. Most of this expansion has come at the expense of agriculture/open land, and vegetation cover. The mean LST in the city has risen by 5.9 °C, with the inner zone (B1) increasing from 35.44 °C to 41.93 °C, indicating urbanisation-induced heat stress. In the outer zones (B5-B6), dry sandy and rocky soils contribute to elevated temperatures. Water bodies show the lowest LST, while open and barren lands have the highest. LST exhibit a positive correlation with NDBI and a weak negative correlation with NDVI. Predictions indicate that by 2042, about 99% of the urban landscape will encounter surface temperatures above 40 °C, with 28.79% exceeding 45 °C. Raised temperatures could exacerbate the UHI effect, leading to serious health and environmental concerns.