Urban density and child health and wellbeing: A scoping review of the literature.

This scoping review explores the relationship between urban density and child health and wellbeing, focusing on how urban density has been measured and its association with various child health outcomes. By analysing 53 studies spanning from 1972 to 2023, we identify significant variability in how urban density is defined and measured and mixed evidence regarding its relationship with different child health outcomes. We also highlight context-specific findings, which may be connected to a range of dynamic and interconnected local and socio-cultural factors. While most studies showed mixed or inconclusive results for physical health and mental health and wellbeing, some consistent findings were observed for positive associations between urban density and growth and nutritional status in studies from Asia and Africa, and for negative impacts on child development in studies from Europe and North America. The review highlights the need for improved reporting standards, consistent terminology, and context-specific approaches to better understand and address the complex interplay between urban density and child health. It underscores the importance of considering broader social determinants and the unique experiences of children within urban environments for improved policy, practice and placemaking, advocating for participatory research methods to capture children's perspectives on urban density.