Four new Geosmithia species from bark beetles infesting indigenous South African trees.

Over the past two decades, numerous Geosmithia fungi have been isolated from the bodies and galleries of wood-boring beetles. However, this genus of asexual Sordariomycetes remains taxonomically and ecologically understudied, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. In South Africa, two prior surveys reported Geosmithia species from bark beetles, but neither thoroughly investigated species identities. In this study, we collected bark beetles from native trees in the Western Cape Province of South Africa and isolated, identified and described their associated Geosmithia species. Geosmithia spp. previously collected in South Africa were also re-examined. The ITS sequences of Geosmithia isolates from 13 beetle taxa infesting 10 host species were considered. Additional gene regions, BT, EF1a and RPB2, were sequenced for a subset of isolates. Four previously described species, G. flava, G. langdonii, G. omnicola and G. pumila were identified by phylogenetic analyses. Additionally, four novel taxa were identified and are here described as G. capensis, G. multisociorum, G. oroboidis and G. stellenboschiana. Geosmithia multisociorum appears to be a generalist associated with multiple beetle-host combinations in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, whereas G. oroboidis is currently known only from a single beetle and tree host in South Africa. South African isolates of G. capensis and G. stellenboschiana appeared to be restricted to Lanurgus spp. and Hypothenemus sp. beetles, respectively, but both species are also known from beetles and hosts in other countries.