Changing Trends in Job Satisfaction and Burnout for Care Aides in Long-Term Care Homes: The Role of Work Environment.

Objectives: This study examined the association between care unit work environments in long-term care (LTC) homes and trends in care aides' job satisfaction and burnout (exhaustion, cynicism, reduced professional efficacy) from 2014 to early 2020.

Design: This was a retrospective longitudinal study using data from care aide surveys collected by the Translating Research in Elder Care research program over 3 periods: September 2014-May 2015 (T), May 2017-December 2017 (T), and September 2019-March 2020 (T).

Settings And Participants: The study included 631 care aides from a stratified random sample of 84 LTC homes in 3 Canadian provinces, who participated in data collection at all 3 time points.

Methods: We used mixed-effects linear regression with a "time by work environment" interaction to assess whether work environment is associated with trends in job satisfaction (Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire Job Satisfaction Subscale) and burnout (Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey). We standardized the outcomes using z-scores.

Results: Between T and T, care aides in care units with less favorable work environments-characterized by less supportive leadership, weaker work culture, less effective team communication and feedback mechanisms, and insufficient structural resources and staffing-experienced a statistically significant decline in job satisfaction (B = -0.17, P < .01) and professional efficacy (B = -0.20, P < .01), along with an increase in exhaustion (B = 0.15, P < .05) and in cynicism (B = 0.27, P < .001). Those in more favorable work environments exhibited no statistically significant changes in these variables during the same period. Moreover, care aides in less favorable work environments continued to experience an increase in exhaustion from T to T (B = 0.16, P < .05).

Conclusions And Implications: A positive work environment at the care unit level mitigated the deterioration in care aides' job satisfaction and burnout over the period studied. Targeted interventions to improve work environments show promise in sustaining the resilience of the care aide workforce.