Optimizing geographical traceability models of Chinese Lycium barbarum: Investigating effects of region, cultivar, and harvest year on nutrients, bioactives, elements and stable isotope composition.

Lycium barbarum is a type of "medicine-food homology" whose geographical origin has attracted strong interest from consumers due to different regional quality characteristics. A sophisticated OPLS-DA model to verify Lycium barbarum origin was developed using 266 samples gathered from five cultivars in two regions between 2020 and 2022, which was based on 67 indices, including nutrients, bioactives, elements and stable isotopes. Twelve variables (fructose, δH, glucose, tartaric acid, Mo, Na, Sr, His, Phe, Mn, Lys and Rb) were selected to refine models that could distinguish Lycium barbarum origin without being impacted by cultivar or year. The model of training set and testing set samples had discrimination rates of 100 % and 94.71 % to 98.28 %, suggesting an optimized multi-variate analysis strategy using OPLS-DA model could correctly predict the origin of blind Lycium barbarum samples. This study provides new evidence for constructing a reliable traceability model for the geographical origins of Lycium barbarum.