Severity: 8192
Message: str_replace(): Passing null to parameter #3 ($subject) of type array|string is deprecated
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 8919
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 8919
Function: str_replace
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3369
Function: formatAIDetailSummary
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 37
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: str_replace(): Passing null to parameter #3 ($subject) of type array|string is deprecated
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 8919
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 8919
Function: str_replace
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 133
Function: formatAIDetailSummary
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 994
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3134
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), a key element of prostate cancer treatment, is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The underlying mechanisms include adverse metabolic alterations, but further mechanisms are likely. Animal studies suggest increased progression of atherosclerosis in androgen deprived conditions. Based on in vitro studies, lack of androgens may modulate immune cells including monocytes, macrophages, and T-cells towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype and pro-atherogenic function. As a novel aspect, this review summarizes existing data on the effect of androgens and androgen deprivation on platelet activity, which play a major role in inflammation and in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Testosterone modulates platelet aggregation responses which are affected by dose level, source of androgen, and age. Data on the effects of ADT on platelet activity and aggregation are limited and conflicting, as both increased and decreased aggregation responses during ADT have been reported. Gaps in knowledge about the mechanisms leading to increased cardiovascular risk during ADT remain and further research is warranted. Improved understanding of pathogenic pathways linking ADT to cardiovascular risk may help identify clinically useful diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and accelerate finding novel therapeutic targets, and thus optimize prostate cancer treatment outcomes.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11619638 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40959-024-00278-2 | DOI Listing |
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