Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@pubfacts.com&api_key=b8daa3ad693db53b1410957c26c9a51b4908&a=1): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 176
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 176
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 250
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 1034
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3152
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 575
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 489
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Per- or poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of anthropogenic compounds that are used in a variety of industrial processes and consumer products with their ubiquitous presence in the environment recently gaining relevant attention. Progress and milestones on PFAS contamination within multiple environments from African continent are highlighted in this review. Identification and quantitation of PFAS within African environments is important to the public at large because of their toxicity and possible ecotoxicological risk. Two most studied classes of PFAS are perfluoro carboxylic acid (PFCA) (i.e., perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)) and perfluoro sulfonic acid (PFSA) (i.e., perfluoro sulfonic acid (PFOS)) with many more classes of PFAS been created by industry. Within the African continent, studies reported PFAS in water, sediments, soils, fish, dust, breastmilk, infant formulae, dust, atmosphere, marine species and wildlife. Southern Africa contributed more studies on the presence of PFAS in the environment with Central Africa contributing the least. Despite growing awareness of PFAS contamination in Africa, the number of studies, studied compounds, and concentration levels vary significantly across regions and matrices. While some countries in Southern and Western Africa have made progress in PFAS research, the overall disparity in research output highlights the urgency for increased attention, resources, and concerted efforts to comprehensively address PFAS contamination. This review also revealed PFAS contamination within freshwater environments, with non-existent data from marine water environments. Collaboration among scientists, policymakers, industry players as well as regional and international communities are essential to mitigate the impact of PFAS in the African environment.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-35727-z | DOI Listing |
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