Preliminary investigation of the anti- activity of Triphala.

Background: Triphala, is a composite of three individual botanical drugs: , , and . It exhibits properties such as heatclearing, anti-inflammatory, anti-fatigue, antioxidant, and antibacterial effects,making it extensively utilized in India and Tibet. It has been found to exhibitinhibitory effects on (); however, further comprehensive research is still needed to elucidate its specific antibacterial mechanism. The present study investigates the in vitro antibacterial activity and antibacterial mechanism of Triphala against .

Methods: Ours research investigates the inhibitory activity of Triphala on multiple standard and clinical strains using microdilution broth method, time-kill curve, time-bactericidal curve and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, the antibacterial mechanism of Triphala is further explored through experiments on urease activity, biofilm formation, anti-adhesion properties, virulence actor assays using RT-qPCR and Western Blotting techniques.

Results: The research findings indicate that Triphala exhibits a minimum inhibitory concentration of 80-320 μg/mL against both standard and clinical strains of . Triphala exerts its effect by perturbing the microstructure of , downregulating adhesion-associated genes (), urease-related genes (), and flagellar genes (); inhibiting bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, urease activity as well as protein expression.

Discussion: These findings suggest that Triphala exerts inhibitory effects on activity through multiple mechanisms, underscoring its potential as a new drug for the prevention and treatment of infection.