Assessment of groundwater potential zones in Kuwait's semi-arid region: a hybrid approach of multi-criteria decision making, Google earth engine, and geospatial techniques.

Recently, the use and management of water resources have become a critical issue, especially in arid and semi-arid surroundings. In such areas, the importance of mapping groundwater potential zones is unmeasurable since water is a critical human resource. Focused on the semi-arid region of Kuwait, our research integrates Google Earth Engine and multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM), offering a robust admission to identifying groundwater potential zones. To this end, thirteen criteria including geology, slope, rainfall, elevation, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Land Surface Temperature (LST), drainage density, Land Use and Land Cover (LULC), lineament density, topographic wetness index (TWI), geomorphology, and the water table were integrated to reach a wise decision through AHP-MCDM. Our findings revealed that Kuwait's groundwater potential zones are extremely well suited to the country's north and east. Appropriate potential zones with high and moderate degrees encompass 12% and 37%, respectively, while extremely high suitability is less than 1.5%. These findings are based on the input data (mainly rainfall, NDVI, NDWI, and LST). The likelihood of groundwater potential is higher in the lower regions of the country. Over 7500 km-nearly 50% of the total area-are classified as low potential. Furthermore, Our research shows that combining more factors can increase precision while ensuring the stability of the detection process of GWPZs. Around 242 km as promising targets for future groundwater exploitation within Kuwait. Rigorously validated through on-site field observations and corroborated by maps showing the distribution of productive groundwater wells in Kuwait, our results exhibit a considered alignment. It is recommended that we extend the application of our methodology beyond the borders of the studied terrain and urge decision-makers to consider our findings in their strategic planning processes.