Antioxidant, anti-prostate cancer potential, and phytochemical composition of the ethyl acetate stem bark extract of Boascia coriacea (Pax.).

Background: The antioxidant and anticancer potential of natural compounds, particularly from medicinal plants, is increasingly being explored as alternatives to synthetic antioxidants and chemotherapeutics. Boascia coriacea (Pax) has been traditionally used for treating various ailments, including oxidative stress-related diseases and prostate cancer. However, there is a paucity of empirical evidence to validate the ethnomedicinal claims, hence this study.

Methods: The antioxidant capacity of the extract was assessed using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl Hydrazyl radical (DPPH) radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays, alongside total antioxidant capacity. In vitro cytotoxicity was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on Vero CCL-81 normal cells and DU-145 prostate cancer cells. Gene expression levels of ar, bcl-2, caspase 3, cdk1, and p53 were quantified using qPCR to elucidate the mechanisms of action. Phytochemical analysis was conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Results: The studied plant extract exhibited significant DPPH radical scavenging activity, with an EC50 of 0.008 μg/ml, 10-fold lower than that of L-ascorbic acid (0.08 μg/ml), indicating potent antioxidant capacity. Similarly, the extract demonstrated substantial hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, albeit with lower efficacy (EC50 of 1039.10 μg/ml) compared to L-ascorbic acid, and a total antioxidant capacity of 454.39±25.26 μg AAE/mg dw. In vitro cytotoxicity assay revealed a CC50 of 68.61 μg/ml against Vero CCL-81 cells and an IC50 of 32.16 μg/ml against DU-145 cells, with a superior selectivity index of 2.13, compared to doxorubicin's 1.46. The extract significantly downregulated the expression of ar, bcl-2, normalised caspase 3, cdk1 genes while upregulating p53 in DU-145 cells, suggesting its role in inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. Phytochemical analysis identified 19 compounds, including lup-20(29)-en-3-one (7.99%) and lupeol (59.49%), which are associated with anticancer activity.

Conclusion: The ethyl acetate stem bark extract of B. coriacea demonstrates significant antioxidant and anticancer activities, potentially through modulation of apoptosis and cell cycle pathways. The presence of bioactive compounds supports its potential as a therapeutic agent, warranting further investigation for developing novel treatments for prostate cancer and oxidative stress-related conditions.