The Right Ventricular Moderator Band: From Leonardo da Vinci's Drawings to Current Cardiac Imaging.

Anatomy: We aim to review the anatomy of the moderator band (MB) and the trabeculated right ventricle (RV).

Pathology: We thoroughly describe the morphological variations of the MB and its spatial relationship with the right ventricular anterior papillary muscle, its muscular trabeculations, and the free wall.

Imaging Correlation: We provide echocardiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging to better understand histologic specimens of the MB, the trabeculated RV, and the right ventricular papillary muscles.

Treatment: We provide examples of intracardiac echocardiography and transesophageal echocardiogram to guide safe and effective structural interventions in the RV, and mapping and ablation of ventricular arrhythmias arising from the MB.