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Influence of processing of seitan, tempeh, and firm regular tofu on protein and lipid oxidation and Maillard reaction products formation. | LitMetric
The impact of production and cooking on protein oxidation, lipid oxidation and Maillard reaction products (MRPs) generation was evaluated for firm regular tofu, tempeh, and seitan, three plant-based alternatives to meat products. Tofu showed higher content of protein-bound carbonyls (25.5 ± 5.4 nmol/mg protein) indicating higher degree of protein oxidation, while seitan exhibited the lowest content of MRPs like N(6)-carboxymethyllysine, as revealed by LC-MS/MS. Through determination of the peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances as well as analysis of volatile oxidation compounds by GC-MS, an overall higher lipid oxidation level was found in tofu. Likewise, a mean 92.2 % depletion of naturally occurring antioxidant tocopherol, assessed by HPLC-DAD, was observed in tofu. Furthermore, acrylamide was detected in tofu at 196.0 ± 15.4 μg/kg after frying at 190 °C. This study, therefore, concluded that practices used in tempeh and seitan processing are promising strategies to limit oxidation and Maillard reactions in food.
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