AI Article Synopsis
- The study explored how whey protein isolate (WPI) conjugated with galacto-oligosaccharides can boost the immune system in mice that were immunosuppressed due to cyclophosphamide treatment.
- Using dynamic high-pressure microfluidics, the researchers created these conjugates, which reduced harmful compounds in the body and significantly improved immune function, as shown by increased IgG levels and decreased immunosuppressive factors.
- Genetic and metabolic analyses highlighted the activation of specific genes and pathways related to macrophage function, suggesting that the immune enhancement from the conjugates is closely linked to macrophage activation.
Article Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of whey protein isolate (WPI)-galacto-oligosaccharide conjugates following dynamic high-pressure microfluidics pretreatment (DHPM) in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. DHPM facilitated the conjugation of WPI and galacto-oligosaccharide, and inhibited the generation of fluorescent advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and pentosidine. The conjugates demonstrated a significant immune recovery effect on CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice, as evidenced by the enhancement of IgG antibody levels (from 3.5 to 4.1) and the reduction of the levels of immunosuppressive effector factors TGF-β (from 148.1 to 111.2) and IFN-γ (from 34.4 to 17.9). Furthermore, the conjugates exhibited a notable ability to repair histological lesion in the spleen of CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice. Spleen transcriptomics revealed that the Marco, Klrc3 and Cd209b genes were associated with the immune enhancement activity of the conjugates. Metabolomic analysis identified arginine biosynthesis, sphingolipid metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis as key pathways in the immune enhancement activity of the conjugates. Metabolomics combined with transcriptomics indicated the importance of macrophage activation in the restoration of immunosuppressed mice's immunity by the conjugates. Therefore, the improvement in immunity observed with WPI-galacto-oligosaccharide conjugates may be related to the activation of macrophages.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2024.115121 | DOI Listing |
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