Opposite-sex pairing alters social interaction-induced GCaMP and dopamine activity in the insular cortex of male prairie voles.

The prairie vole () is a monogamous rodent species which displays selective social behaviors to conspecifics after establishing a pair bonded relationship, specifically partner-directed affiliation and stranger-directed aggression. This social selectivity relies on the ability of an individual to respond appropriately to a social context and requires salience detection and valence assignment. The anterior insular cortex (aIC) has been implicated in stimulus processing and categorization across a variety of contexts and is well-situated to integrate environmental stimuli and internal affective states to modulate complex goal-directed behaviors and social decision-making. Surprisingly, the contribution of the aIC to the expression of pair bond-induced social selectivity in prairie voles has been drastically understudied. Here we examined whether neural activity and gene expression in the aIC change in response to opposite-sex pairing and/or as a function of pairing length in male prairie voles. Opposite-sex pairing was characterized by changes to calcium and dopamine (DA) transients in the aIC that corresponded with the display of social selectivity across pair bond maturation. Furthermore, D1 and D2 receptor mRNA expression was significantly higher in males after 48 hrs of cohabitation with a female partner compared to same-sex housed males, and D2 mRNA remained significantly higher in males with a female partner compared to same-sex housed males after a week of cohabitation. Together, these results implicate a role for DA and its receptors in the aIC across the transition from early- to late-phase pair bonding.