Strategies in Parkinson's Disease Therapeutics - A Need for Synergy of Ayurveda, Small Molecules and Nanoparticles aided Approaches.

Despite extensive research, there is an unmet need for developing disease-modifying therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD). Failure of certain landmark clinical trials has highlighted the need for a better understanding of the disease pathogenesis as well as identifying the hurdles in developing drug candidates and designing clinical trials. While adhering to these needs, several promising trials are currently underway with the hope of developing reliable targets. There is also a need to conduct research on plant-based natural products and use them as therapeutic candidates for PD. In this context, many studies have demonstrated the efficacy of medicinal plants and their principal phytochemicals. This review provides an update on the presently underway clinical trials with a small emphasis on the disease modifying therapies that target small molecules, mitochondria, and oligodendrocytes. The role of ethnopharmacology-based approaches for treatment of PD has also been discussed. The third aspect of the article considers the importance of nanomedicine in this area, including the use of liposomes and nanoparticles to provide a novel approach for the treatment of PD.