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The rhythm of horse gaits.
Ann N Y Acad Sci
December 2024
Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
What makes animal gaits so audibly rhythmic? To answer this question, we recorded the footfall sound of 19 horses and quantified the rhythmic differences in the temporal structure of three natural gaits: walk, trot, and canter. Our analyses show that each gait displays a strikingly specific rhythmic pattern and that all gaits are organized according to small-integer ratios, those found when adjacent temporal intervals are related by a mathematically simple relationship of integer numbers. Walk and trot exhibit an isochronous structure (1:1)-similar to a ticking clock-while canter is characterized by three small-integer ratios (1:1, 1:2, 2:1).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe "Ticking Clock" of Impending Diabetes: Cause for Concern or Window of Opportunity?
J Am Coll Cardiol
December 2024
Center for Heart Disease Prevention, Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Global Health, Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Electronic address:
Isochrony as ancestral condition to call and song in a primate.
Ann N Y Acad Sci
July 2024
Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
Animal songs differ from calls in function and structure, and have comparative and translational value, showing similarities to human music. Rhythm in music is often distributed in quantized classes of intervals known as rhythmic categories. These classes have been found in the songs of a few nonhuman species but never in their calls.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTime in suspense: investigating boredom and related states in a virtual waiting room.
Cogn Emot
November 2024
Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
We studied the role of time in the experience of boredom and its relationship with various psychological states using virtual reality. Sixty-six participants visited nine virtual waiting rooms and evaluated their perception of time and psychological experiences, including boredom, exhaustion, restlessness, amotivation, frustration, anger, unhappiness, spontaneous and deliberate mind-wandering, fantasy, and absorption. Results confirmed the relationship between boredom and time perception, showing that the higher the levels of boredom, the slower time seems to pass.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe ticking clock in the dark: Review of biological rhythms in cave invertebrates.
Chronobiol Int
May 2024
Department of Ecology and Conservation, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil.
Circadian clocks, internal mechanisms that generate 24-hour rhythms, play a crucial role in coordinating biological events with day-night cycles. In light-deprived environments such as caves, species, particularly isolated obligatory troglobites, may exhibit evolutionary adaptations in biological rhythms due to light exposure. To explore rhythm expression in these settings, we conducted a comprehensive literature review on invertebrate chronobiology in global subterranean ecosystems, analyzing 44 selected studies out of over 480 identified as of September 2023.
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